King Richard 1 Essays - House Of Plantagenet, House Of Anjou

King Richard 1 My report is on Richard I, byname Richard the Lion-Hearted. He was born September 8, 1157 in Oxford, England. He died on April 6, 1199 in Chalus, England. His knightly manner and his prowess in the Third Crusade(1189-92) made him a popular king in his own time, as well as the hero of countless romantic legends. He has been viewed less kindly by more recent historians and scholars. Richard was the third son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, and he was given the duchy of Aquitaine, his mother's inheritance, at the age of 11 and was enthroned as duke at Poitiers in 1172. Richard possessed precocious political and military ability, he won fame for his knightly prowess, and quickly learned how to control the turbulent aristocracy of Poitou and Gascony. Like all Henry II's legitimate sons, Richard had no filial piety, foresight, or sense of responsibility. He joined his brothers in the great rebellion(1173-74)against his father, who invaded Aquistaine twice before Richard submitted and received pardon. Thereafter, Richard was occupied with suppressing baronial revolts in his own duchy. His harshness infuriated the Gascons, who revolted in 1183 and called in the help of the ?Young King? Henry and his brother, Geoffrey of Brittany, in an effort to drive Richard from his duchy altogether. Alarmed at the threatened disintegration of his empire, Henry II brought the feudal host of his continental lands to Richard's aid, but the younger Henry died suddenly(June 11, 1183)and the uprising collapsed. Richard was now heir to England, and to Normandy and Anjou, and his father wished him to yield Aquitaine to his youngest brother, John. But Richard, a true southerner, would not surrender the duchy in which he had grown up. Richard received Normandy on July 20, and the English throne on September 30. Richard, unlike Philip, had only one ambition, to lead the crusade prompted by Saladin's capture of Jerusalem in 1187. He had no conception of planning for the future of the English monarchy, and put up everything for sale to buy arms for the crusade. Yet he had not become king to preside over the dismemberment of the Angevin Empire. He broke with Philip and didn't neglect Angevin defenses on the Continent. Open war was averted only because Philip also took the cross. Richard dipped deep into his father's treasure and sold sheriffdoms and other offices. With all this, he raised a formidable fleet and an army, and in 1190 he departed for the Holy Land, traveling through Sicily. Richard found the Sicilians hostile, and took Messina by storm(October 4). To prevent the German Emperor Henry VI from ruling their country, the Sicilians had elected the native, Tancred of Lecce, who had imprisoned the late king's wife, Joan of England(Richard's sister), and denied her possession of her dower. By the Treaty of Messina, Richard obtained for Joan her release and her dower, acknowledged Tancred as king of Sicily, declared Arthur of Brittany(Richard's nephew)to be his own heir, and provided for Arthur to marry Tancred's daughter. This treaty infuriated the Germans, who were also taking part in the Third Crusade, and it incited Richard's brother, John, to treachery and rebellion. Richard joined the other crusaders at Acre on June 8, 1191, conquered Cyprus on his way there. While at Limassol in Cyprus, Richard married(May 12)Berengaria of Navarre. Acre fell in July 1191, and on September 7, Richard's brilliant victory at Arsuf put the crusaders in possession of Joppa. Twice Richard led his forces to within o few miles of Jerusalem. But the recapture of the city, which constituted the chief aim of the Third Crusade, eluded him. There were fierce quarrels among the French, German, and English contingents. Richard insulted Leopold V, duke of Austria, by tearing down his banner and quarreled with Philip Augustus, who returned to France after the fall of Acre. Richard's candidate for the crown of Jerusalem was his vassal, Guy de Lusignan, whom he supported against the German candidate, Conrad of Montferrat. It was rumored, unjustly, that Richard connived at Conrad's murder. After a year's unproductive skirmishing, Richard(September 1192)made a truce for three years with Saladin that permitted the crusaders to hold Acre and a thin coastal strip, and gave Christian pilgrims free access to the holy places. Richard sailed home by way of the Adriatic, because of French hostility, and a storm, drove his ship ashore near Venice. Because of the enmity of Duke Leopold, he disguised himself only to

Kant Immanuel essays

Kant Immanuel essays In his publication, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant supplies his readers with a thesis that claims morality can be derived from the principle of the categorical imperative. The strongest argument to support his thesis is the difference between actions in accordance with duty and actions in accordance from duty. To setup his thesis, Kant first draws a distinction between empirical and a priori concepts. Empirical concepts are ideas we reach from our experiences in the world. On the other hand and in contrast, a priori concepts are ideas we reach as an end point of reasoning prior to or apart from any experience of how things occur in the world. Kant then claims that moral actions are supposed done for the reason of morality alone. This train of thought leads to the conclusion that an understanding of morality must be based on a priori concepts of reason. Truly moral ideas are then universally valid if and only if they are based on a priori concepts. From this idea of a priori concepts, Kant begins his thesis with the notion that the only thing in the world that is a qualified good is the good will, even if its efforts bring about a not necessarily good result. A good will is good because of the willing that is involved. Two main implications arise with this idea of the good will. The first implication is moral actions cannot have impure motivations. There are many impure motivations but Kant tends to focus mainly on the motives of the pursuit of happiness and self-preservation. Second, moral actions cannot be based on the speculations of the probable results. This action is not good in itself but good because it brought about a more desirable outcome. Thus, Kant arrives at the conclusion that for an action to be considered to have genuine moral worth its motive must be that of dutifulness to moral law....

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Operations Management - Essay Example Here I want to thanks my parents as well for all their prayers and support. By, Department of Project Management, Faculty of Management Sciences _____________________________________________ Dated: 26-04-2013 Contents Introduction 4 Background of Coca Cola 5 Histogram 7 In statistics, a histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of data. It is an estimate of the probability distribution of a continuous variable and was first introduced by Karl Pearson. A histogram in a representation of tabulated frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to the frequency of the observations in the interval. The height of a rectangle is also equal to the frequency density of the interval, i.e., the frequency divided by the width of the interval. The total area of the histogram is equal to the number of data. 7 Value Chain Analysis of Coca Cola and Histogram 7 Conclusion 10 References 11 Introduction Organizations have been ma de to earn economic profit. The essence of profit maximization is very important from the standpoint of the organizations that is why the entities have to undertake effective long term strategies to expand the revenue recognition of the firm (Andrew & Collingwood, 2005, PP. 98). Organizations have been around the strategies and long term benefits, that is why the organizations have to keep a certain check and balance over its strategies merely for their long run growth. Operations management is an area of management concerned with overseeing, designing, and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods and/or services (Andrew & Collingwood, 2005, PP. 111). It involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using as few resources as needed, and effective in terms of meeting customer requirements (Andrew & Collingwood, 2005, PP. 95). It is concerned with managing the process that converts inputs (in the forms of materials, labor, and energy) into outputs (in the form of goods and/or services). The relationship of operations management to senior management in commercial contexts can be compared to the relationship of line officers to highest-level senior officers in military science. The highest-level officers shape the strategy and revise it over time, while the line officers make tactical decisions in support of carrying out the strategy. In business as in military affairs, the boundaries between levels are not always distinct; tactical information dynamically informs strategy, and individual people often move between roles over time (Andrew & Collingwood, 2005, PP 102). The entire world has been moving with a lightning speed and the stance of globalization is on its peak, in which any small effect on anything has an ultimate effect over the other things as well. Organizations have to take numerous strategies into account to sustain in the competitive environment. The competition stance has also increased due to the level of globalization, which enables the companies to undertake effective operating strategies as far as their long run growth is concerned. There is different analysis which an organization performs to assess the loopholes within its operations (Berry, 2001, PP. 52). Among different analysis

4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

4 - Assignment Example It is unethical to gamble with human life regardless of race, gender or social status for the sake of economic prosperity. Furthermore, this drug was banned in the US and Europe as it was responsible for massive liver damages. b. It is unethical to test drugs on children during the time of emergency. That is gambling with human life which is against the human rights. Chances are that the drug may destroy immune systems of the patients and lead to a high number of casualties. Lack of proper health care in developing countries does not mean that these people are lesser beings or are immune to toxins; this should not be an excuse. 2) Since hiring the child would be unlawful, the executive may opt to take care of the child by himself or look for a guardian locally or overseas. There are many people who would be willing to help the child to meet her daily needs. However, if the guardians are unwilling to live with her, then she may be taken to an orphanage. 3) a. Look at the oil excavation from two perspectives, the good side of it and the bad side. Think about the effect on the environs and the people. When the good outweigh the bad, then you can proceed. However, if there is any form of doubt safely etched at the deepest parts of your hearts, then abandoning such a task would be the plausible thing to do. b. Outsourcing may or may not a company’s best bet. However, outsourcing would be the best option when a company needs to speed up the production process and increase the quality of their output. Division of labor ensures that parties partake on tasks that best fit them. 4) It would be ethical to outsource the production process to developing countries when the company is facing the problem of the high cost of production and low sales returns. The most reasonable thing to do would be to look for cheaper labor even if it means job cuts for employees in the mother country. Failure to do so would lead to losses

Edit the Actual CV to be Oriented according to the Instructions Personal Statement

Edit the Actual CV to be Oriented according to the Instructions - Personal Statement Example eted financial structures and products within accounting, client service, budgeting, and project management, financial both nationally and internationally. MBA degree holder from UNAH San Pedro Sula Honduras, and is currently pursuing Doctorate degree in Business and administration from Help University. My responsibilities demonstrate accounting expertise in taxation activities like assessable income, capital gains, and deduction and substantiation and preparation and completion of internal control systems for preparation of final statements. In addition, my strong analytical skills have enhanced my role in budgeting particularly during internal audits such that all operations remain within budget and are in accordance to financial regulations and practices. For financial analysis and management roles, I have carefully analyzed different financial information for provision of direction and support, optimal funds utilization, identifying recommendations, and guaranteeing that all operations are within the required budget. I am an accomplished project manager with demonstrated competent ability to lead projects to triumphant ends, coach and mentor other team members to develop their project management skills and allowing them to manage parts of the project. My experience in multinati onal organizations have enabled me to manage and lead numerous cross-sectional teams to represent all organizational interest in a system, product, or service as a means of vast communication, easy alignment, and building better products. Managed by oversee the implementation of a new asset management control of all asset management operations according to IPSAS , to guarantee support of control and best practice, effective internal controls and procedures, and proactive approach to meet costs while sharing best practices, regulations and requirements to be applied in operations. Developed and implemented a coaching programs and tools for my team focusing on timely and efficient

Major Challenges Facing Youth In Developing Economies Economics Essay

Major Challenges Facing Youth In Developing Economies Economics Essay ABSTRACT The challenge of keeping youths engaged meaningfully has been a major concern of governments in the developing nations. This paper x-rays the major challenges facing youths apart from unemployment. These include but not limited to inequality, corruption, poverty, cultism, human trafficking, emigration, drug addiction and trafficking as well as (HIV/AIDS) endemic. The authors stressed the need to encourage youths to engage in entrepreneurship undertakings and further highlighted the benefits of youth self reliant such as development of entrepreneurial and managerial skills, evenly distribution of national wealth, exploitation of untapped industrial opportunities, moderation of rural-urban migration, high value added to the economy, promotion of indigenous technology, and improvement in balance of trade. Hence, the authors recommended institutional support for youth self reliance; inclusion of entrepreneurship studies in high school and undergraduate curricula; tax incentives to young entrepreneurs; and financing of sporting activities to check social vices among youth. Key words: Youth;; Self Reliance Programmes; Unemployment ; Developing Economy 1.0 Introduction According to the projection of the United Nations Population Division (UNDP, 1993), currently young people between ages 15-24 constitute 18 percent of worlds population at 1.1 billion and the world is very close to reach the peak of historically highest youth population (Lam, 2007). These young people, across the globe, especially in developing countries, where the population density and growth is also highest, face unprecedented challenges in their capacity to access public resources and family resources, stemmed from waves of cultural and economic globalization. Most critical issues for youth development are poverty, health practices, gender biases, education, employment, social responsibilities and good citizenship, juvenile delinquency etc (World Youth Report, 2003). Demand of skilled workers in the knowledge economy has created hindrance for a large portion of world youth, especially in developing countries, where higher education system has not been able to realize sufficient value addition in terms of enhancing the employability in the new age labor market. A staggering 400 million young people around the world are unable to find decent work. Worthy of note is that, todays youth find themselves in an era, where for the first time in the modern civilization, purely economic value of higher education has reached an unprecedented low proportion. Shariff (1998) observed that adults engaged in self employment more than the youth, especially in developed countries. This is notable in countries whose economic growth rate is slow or stagnant. He observed further that self employment is much more appreciated among Sub-Sahara African than in other countries of the world. The youth are a major source of human capital and key agents for socio cultural, economic, and political development as well as technological innovation worldwide. Their imaginations, ideas, energies and visions are essential for the continuing development of societies. Their training, development, intellectual perspectives and productive abilities are key determinants of the progress and future of societies. To capture the significance of youth in the economic development process, Central Bank of Nigerias governor notes in 2011 that the current economic development efforts will not amount to anything if the youth who are the real economic agent are not part of the economic transformation. He notes further that robust economic growth will only be achieved if the youth are adequately empowered, which is the only path to sustainable economic development. 2.0 Conceptual clarification 2.1 Youth. There is hardly any universally acceptable definition of youth. Youthfulness need not be exclusively determined by age. Other factors, like economic, cultural and environmental conditions may be equally important in defining youth. The continuing debate on who is a youth has not resolved the confusion surrounding the concept. In many African countries, laws define adulthood as commencing from age of 21, although recently, there have been attempts to lower the age to 18 years (Curtain, 2000). Sociologically, youth denotes an interface between childhood and adulthood. Youth, as a social group are defined in terms of age. Hence, the majority of youth has been variously defined as ranging from the ages of 10-11 years to 35 years. The United Nations Organisation (UNO) has come up with a specification of age bracket 15-24 years as youth, while the Commonwealth uses the age category of 15-29 years. For the purpose of this paper, youth is defined as young women and men who fall wi thin the age bracket of 15 35 years. Furthermore, anyone who is acknowledged by deed as identifying with and committed to youth development may be recognised as youth. It has been recognised the world over that youth constitute the most important human resource potential that can contribute significantly to the overall development of a nation. The youth constitute the driving force of society, the spirit of today and the hope for the future. In addition, youth constitute the largest segment, they are also the most socially active and productive sector. The educational system has not adequately equipped young people with the relevant skills, knowledge and cultural values needed to face the challenges of after school life. As a result, young people cannot find placement in the white-collar job market; neither are they able to create economic opportunities for themselves in the informal sector. There is therefore the need to relate the educational system to the job market. United Nations Organisation (1995: 11) therefore notes in that: Young people in all countries are both a major human resource for development and key agents for social change, economic development and technological innovation. Their imaginations, ideas, considerable energies and visions are essential for the continuing development of the societies in which they live. The problems that young people face as well as their visions and aspirations are essential components of the challenges and prospects of todays societies and future generations Mobilizing the creativity and passion of young men and women, and recognizing the unique perspective of youth on their current and future needs are quickly becoming national and international priorities. Globally, youth are eager to contribute their quota through investment of their energies in the socio-economic development of the societies. In addition, they desire to be absorbed into socio-economic system in order to change the old order. In terms of sheer numbers, youth represent a significant portion of the global community. Today, approximately 20 per cent of the worlds population is in the 15 to 24 age group, and in many developing countries this group will soon constitute 50 per cent of the population. In addition, 60 per cent of the worlds youth population, or over 600 million young people, reside in the Asia-Pacific region (Kenyon, 1998). Linked directly to these figures is the growing recognition of the importance of youth development at both the national, regional and international levels. Youth constitute a unique group within society. While they are often considered one of the most vulnerable groups within the social fabric, they are also regarded as the greatest source of hope for the nations future. Youth represent a significant portion of the worlds population: it is estimated that the global youth population in 1995 was over 1 billion and comprised 18 per cent of the worlds population, of whom 84 per cent lived in developing countries. Those under the age of 30 could form as much as 55 per cent of the worlds population by the year 2005. In the least-developed countries of the world, the figure is closer to 70 per cent. (Kenyon, 1998) 2.2 Self Reliance. The concept of self reliance is located centrally within the discourse of community development and is connected to related concepts like self-help, independence, mutual-help, indigenous participation and rural development. It advocates the need for people to improve their condition using local initiatives and resources in their own hands. The concept is fast being accepted as a new formula for community development because of its widespread acceptance in the development planning of most African countries. The concept of self-reliance has the tendency to give greater stimulus and cohesiveness to community development in these countries (Anyanwu, 1992). According Fonchingong Fonjong (2003), self-reliance is situated within the discourse of community development and is connected to related concepts like self-help, mutual help, indigenous participation and rural development. It champions the need for people to better their lots using local strategies and resources at their disposal. The definition assumes that youth use the resources at their disposal to proffer solutions to the challenges peculiar to their group and confronting them persistently. They also want to realize their dreams and be at the fore front of developing the communities. Anyanwu (1992) contends that in most African countries, community development has depended significantly on voluntary cooperative efforts. This follows a traditional trait that clearly underscores the virtue of self-reliance. This explains the emerging trend in community development, which sees it as an important point of take-off for better living. The emphasis is to involve groups of people in planned programmes from which they may gain skills that will enable them to cope more successfully with the problems of their everyday lives. Self-reliance is thus development on the basis of a countrys (regions) own resources, involving its populations based on the potentials of its cultural values and traditions (Galtung, 1980). Communities and individual people define their own development according to their own needs, values and aspirations (Preiswerk, 1980). Local-level development provides a major force in activating the utilization of local resources (land, water, labour) and therefore constitutes one of the most effective methods of promoting peoples participation in determining their own development. The needs for local alternatives and self-reliance have been voiced in more explicit terms by other scholars. For example, Brett (1988) has called for cooperative and voluntary alternatives, while Sandbrook (1985) has emphasized the need for small-scale community solutions. In its fundamental sense, self-reliance is defined as a state of mind that regards ones own mental and material resources as the primary stock to draw on in the pursuit of ones objectives, and finds emotional fulfillment not only in achieving the objectives but of having achieved them primarily by using ones own resources. 2.3 Unemployment. Unemployment is a social issue that every nation deals with regularly. Even the most advanced economies still battle with the issue of unemployment. In fact the classical economists averred that there can never be a situation of total employment in any economy. However, responsible governments must strive at all times to keep unemployment rate as low as possible. According to Fajana (2000), unemployment is a state of worklessness/idleness experienced by persons who as members of the labour force perceive themselves are perceived by others as capable of work. Unemployment is a situation where those who are willing and able to work cannot find full employment or even if it is partial employment. The unemployment situation in Nigeria is unsettling. Statistic shows that almost 75% of those who are able and willing to work cannot find gainful employment, especially among young graduate/school leavers. Fajana (2000) categorizes unemployment into six namely structural, frictional, seasonal, cyclical, residual, and technological. Types of Unemployment S/N Name Cause 1. Structural This occurs when there is a change in the structure of an industry or economic activities of the country. Change in taste, change in technology, change in demand are some of the types of changes that may occur. It is mostly found in Asia and Africa. In other words, it occurs due to mismatch between the demand for labour and the ability of the workers. 2. Frictional The unemployed may remain so on account of shortage of raw materials, or mechanical defects in working plants. Therefore, the better the economy is doing, the lower the chances of this type of unemployment occurring. 3. Seasonal This is due to seasonal variations in the activities of particular industries caused by climatic changes, changes in fashions or by the inherent nature of such industries. In the tropical region, ice factories are less active in rainy season because of low demand for ice. 4. Cyclical This is otherwise known as Keynesian unemployment or demand deficient unemployment which is due to the operation of the business cycle. This arises at a time when the aggregate effective commodity demand falls below the full employment level of output. 5. Residual This is caused by personal factors such as old age, physical or mental disability, poor work attitudes and inadequate training. 6. Technological This is caused by changes in techniques of production. Source: Fajana, S. (2000) Functioning of Nigerian Labour Market, Lagos: Labofin and company 3.0 Major Challenges facing Youth in developing economies The declining growth and economic restructuring has worsened the employment situation among the youth in most of the developing countries and most especially in Africa. Youth unemployment has increasingly come to be as one of the most serious socio-economic problems currently confronting many developing countries. It is difficult to provide accurate statistics of youth unemployment in developing countries in general and Africa in particular, as available estimates of world unemployment face the conceptual limitation. Nonetheless, existing estimates indicate that in Sub-Saharan Africa, urban unemployment affects between 15 to 20 percent of the workforce (ILO, 2005). According to this estimates, young people comprise 40 to 75 percent of the total number of unemployed. Source: National Bureau of Statistics (2010) According to Awogbenle and Iwuamadi (2010), the statistics from the Manpower Board and the Federal Bureau of Statistics showed that Nigeria has a youth population of 80 million, representing 60% of the total population of the country. Also, 64 million of them are unemployed, while 1.6 million are under-employed. The 1990-2000 data on youth unemployment indicated that secondary school graduates constituted the largest group of the unemployed. There is also 40% of the unemployment rate is among urban youth aged 20 24 and 31% of the rate is among those aged 15-19. Furthermore, two-thirds of the urban unemployed are ranged from 15-24 years old. Curiously, the educated unemployed tended to be young males with few dependents. Awogbenle and Iwuandi also observed that that there is no consistent trend of  unemployment rates in Nigeria. An increase in one or two years is sometimes followed by a decline in the subsequent years. Table 1: Nigeria Unemployment Rates by Age Group and Sex S/N Age Group Unemployment Rate 1. 15-24 41.6 2. 25-44 17 3. 45-49 11.5 4. 60-64 16.7 Gender Analysis 1. Male 17 2. Female 23.3 Source: Ruhl, O. (2009) Nigerias Youth: Turning Challenge into Opportunity. World Bank Statistics on Youth Unemployment, March, 2009. Table 2: Table Youth Unemployment Rate in Nigeria 2000-2011 S/N Year Rate 1. 2000 31.1 2. 2001 13.6 3. 2002 12.6 4. 2003 14.8 5. 2004 13.4 6. 2005 11.9 7. 2006 13.7 8. 2007 14.6 9. 2008 14.9 10. 2009 19.7 11. 2010 41.6 12. 2011 23.9 Source: National Bureau of Statistics (2011) According to Abdullahi (2012), the Nigerian Minister of Sports, out of Nigerias 150 million population, 40 million are unemployed. As 45% of the population is between the ages of 15 to 40 years, this means unemployment mainly affects the youth. He revealed that the alarming situation has socio-economic implications considering the fact that Nigeria has 45% of the jobless population are between the ages of 15-40 years and due to the extremely low life expectancy of 45 years, only 3% of Nigerians manage to reach the ages of 60 and above. Nigerian youth are therefore the hardest hit by the menace of unemployment. Hence, the increase rate of kidnapping, youth unrest and most significantly, an extremely unstable social economic structure that has hitherto been bedeviling Nigeria. The percentage of unemployed labour force is disheartening not to mention rate of unemployment among youth. Apart from the figures released early this year by the National Bureau of Statistics, which puts unemployment rate in 2011 at 29.3 per cent, the situation has over the years grown from bad to worse. From 2000 until 2011, the unemployment rate averaged 18.82 per cent, reaching an all time high of 23.90 per cent in December of 2011 representing about 20.3 million Nigerian youth who are currently unemployed. The situation is compounded daily as institutions of higher learning churn out fresh graduates to add to the already saturated labour market. The percentage would have been higher save for the governments efforts to reduce the unemployment rate among graduates from the nations universities through various programmes such as National Directorate of Employment (NDE), National Poverty Alleviation Programme (NAPEP), Youth Enterprise With New   Innovation in Nigeria (YOUWIN) to m ention but a few. Some identifiable factors causing youth unemployment in Nigeria these include but not limited to: Ineffective mechanisms for overcoming the challenges of cyclical and structural youth (18 to 24 years) unemployment in Nigeria and to alleviate poverty at all levels of governance. Going by the 2006 census in Nigeria, the nations population was put at140,431,790 and projections for the future indicate that the population could be over 180 million by the year 2020,given the annual growth rate of 3.2 percent (National Population Commission and ICF Macro, 2009:3). Rapid population growth is another major factor causing youth unemployment. Dysfunctional educational system in curricula-structure does not promote youth entrepreneurship, innovative skills and virile apprenticeship schemes. Instead, most graduates of Nigerian education system lack basic skills with which to enter into labour market. Most graduates leave university with the thinking that they must seek employment in large organisations. Most functionaries in public and private sectors are largely bereft of ideas of blending education, training and learning for resolving youth unemployment menace. This is why most government programmes are yet to achieve the desired results of reducing youth unemployment. Corruption has been the bane of development in Nigeria and it has impacted negatively in the industrialisation process initiated by successive governments. It has attained an endemic level with public office holders paying lip service to its eradication because they are part of the beneficiaries. Poverty of political commitment towards youth empowerment and innovative approaches at local, state and federal levels is another cause of youth unemployment. There are no verifiable statistics of actual labour shortages, employment, under-employment and vacancies analyses that can guide national planning. In addition, in Nigeria loanable funds that youth can draw from to invest are not accessible. Although, government, banks and other financial institutions would tell you that funds are available for entrepreneurship adventure. Accessing the funds has not been easy. Figure 2: Spiraling General  Unemployment  Rate Growing at 16% per year  »Ã‚ ¿http://www.doreopartners.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/spiraling_general_unemployment_rate.gif Source: National Bureau of Statistics (2010) Figure 3 : Youth Unemployment 3X General Unemployment http://www.doreopartners.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/youth_unemployment.gif Source: National Bureau of Statistics (2010) Apart from the major challenges of unemployment, inequality, corruption, poverty, cultism, human trafficking and emigration are other challenges facing developing economies, Nigeria inclusive. Despite Nigerias decades of development efforts, both the gap between the poor and the rich countries and the inequalities within states and nations have widened. Poverty simply means inadequacy of income to meet such basic needs as food, shelter, clothing, education, healthcare etc. Poverty leads to malnutrition, sickness, illiteracy, unemployment, low status of men and women, immorality, crime, and exposure to environmental risks, limited access to assets, social services, and political power. Unemployment and poverty lead to psychological disorders, depression, despondency, suicides and divorces. While relative poverty causes envy, jealousy and self-depreciation, mass unemployment and persistent poverty which could lead to socio-political unrest and revolution. Thus, unemployment, inequality and poverty have economic, social and political implications. 4.0 Significance of Youth Self Reliance There is an increased concern, nationally and internationally, for youth issues, responsibilities and rights and also widespread consensus on the invaluable role of youth in the development process. Yet youth are invariably victims of exclusion from governance, decision-making and development process, which impact negatively on their desires for self reliance and self realization. The Human Development Report (UNDP, 1993) echoes the need for people to participate in their own development, stressing that peoples participation is becoming the central issue in the face of current challenges facing the world for development. It is now widely accepted that there are many good reasons to promote self reliance among young people. Entrepreneurship undertakings are probably one the most effective means of making youth self reliant. While caution should be exercised so that entrepreneurship is not seen as a panacea for curing all societys social ills, many experts such as Curtain (2000) warn, it has a number of potential benefits. An obvious, and perhaps the most significant one, is that it creates employment for the young person who owns the business. Figure 4: Young working poor in selected countries (Estimates for youth and adult cohorts), in percentage Source: ILO, Global Employment Trends for Youth. Geneva, August, 2010. In addition to the above, youth self reliance (YSR) will achieve the under listed among developing economies. The indigenous entrepreneur and managerial skills needed to transform the economy are developed. Labour intensive industry is boosted by YSR, which helps government to achieve the employment and income distribution objective. Encouragement of youth to be self reliant enhances the exploitation of untapped industrial opportunities. The evenly distribution of wealth and regional economic balance objective of government is enhanced as the menace of rural/urban migration, which exacerbates urban congestion is checked. There is higher value added to the domestic economies thereby checking the dumping of products from developed in developing economies. Indigenous technology is promoted through youth self reliant programmes. The above will definitely improve the balance of trade and payment of the developing economies as well as strengthening the local currency coupled with the benefit of promoting exportation and preventing over reliance on a single commodity to earn foreign exchange. Over dependency on oil revenue has been the bane of industrialization in Nigeria. 5.0 Recommendations Conclusion In line with the above observations, it is recommended that youth entrepreneurship programmes should be made compulsory right from the secondary school. More so, curricula in the higher institutions should be redesigned to capture the current reality of producing job creators and not job seekers. There should also be institutional support for youth entrepreneurship programmes at all tiers of government; local, state, and federal. Cheap funds made available and accessible to interested young entrepreneurs is a necessity for the development of self reliant programmes among youth. Data on youth unemployment are not accessible, if they are available. Many of the policy makers are not equipped with facts and figures. Many a times, they rely on sources that are not reliable in formulating policies and taking decisions relating to youth empowerment. Government institutions should equip to collate data frequently and make them accessible at any point in time. If there are authentic data, planning and paying social security of not less than fifty thousand naira ((#50) should not be difficult considering the amount of financial resources being wasted public office holders. The prevailing harsh economic environment in Nigeria is a disincentive to any interested young entrepreneurs and so should be made conducive as much as possible. For example multiple taxation should be eliminated through the harmonization of tax system in the country. Infrastructure facilities are abysmal failure, especially the electricity around which modern industrialization and developmental strategy revolve. More than enough megawatts of electricity should be generated in the country. The appalling situation of electricity generation has turned many youth to criminals in Nigeria. Motivating youth to acquire technical skills should top the priority of any government, Nigeria not exempted. Apart from free tuition, graduates of technical colleges should be absolved into the government service and or private organisations. Able and willing youth should be encouraged to contribute their quota to national economic development efforts. Security of lives and properties must be guaranteed in Nigeria. Governments efforts to woo foreign investors that will help to ignite the fire of economic revival will not yield any fruits if the issue of security is not addressed. There should be an increased youth and orphans self-reliance, self-discipline, social responsibility and spirit of adventure. Youth should be helped start income generating activities for their livelihoods to reduce dependency syndrome. Involvement of religious organisations in youth self reliance programmes should be encouraged. This is imperative in view of the fact that many of them have excess funds they can use since they do not pay tax. This will be counted as part of their social responsibility efforts to the society. Opportunities to acquire overseas training in form of exchange programmes among regional governments e.g. Economic Commission for West African States (ECOWAS) should be provided for youth after completing skill acquisition course. Suffice it to note that regional integration will be a great impetus for youth in countries which fall the same region. There is no doubt that Nigeria is blessed with abundant human and natural resources. The challenges facing the youth and related issues are very critical because of the emerging trend of youth unemployment, political and religious unrest. Hence, youth self reliant programmes should occupy the front burner of the federal, state, and local governments. Nigeria, arguably the most populous black nation in the world, needs sincere analysis of the current unemployment situation in the country as well as other challenges confronting the youth. The scientific analysis of this menace will lead to honest policy formulation, implementation, and monitoring of youth self reliant programmes which will eventually stem the tide of youth crimes and guarantee the future of the country.

Yersinia pestis :: Biology Biological Health Medical Essays

Yersinia pestis Life History Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of the systemic invasive infectious disease often referred to as the plague. The Y. pestis is an extremely virulent pathogen that is likely to cause severe illness and death upon infection unless antibiotics are administered. In the past, Y. pestis has caused devastating epidemics during three periods of modern history; the Justinian Plague spread from the Middle East to the Mediterranean during the 6th-8th centuries AD and killed approximately 25% of the population below the Alps region. Perhaps the most famous incidence of any disease was the devastating Black Plague of 8th-14th century Europe that eradicated 25 million people (nearly 25% of the population) and marked the end of the Dark Ages. The third endemic began in 1855 in China and was responsible for millions of deaths. Microbiological Characteristics Yersinia pestis is a Gram-negative, bipolar-staining coccobacillus member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, and is an obligate intracellular pathogen that must be contained within the blood to survive. It is also a fermentative, motile organism that produces a thick anti-phagocytic slime layer in its path. Transmission Y. pestis has the ability to cause disease in rodents, insects and humans. The primary carriers of the pathogen are the Oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, and infected rodents. The path of transmission to humans usually involves a flea feeding on an infected rodent and becoming a carrier of infection. Once internalized, the bacteria will continue to reproduce until a large blockage is formed in the midgut of the flea, causing digestion and other gastrointestinal functions to cease. When the flea attempts to feed on humans, the blockage inhibits any blood from entering the stomach cavity; instead, portions of the blockage, often containing 11,000-24,000 bacilli, are regurgitated into the mammalian host. Virulence Factors Yersinia pestis encodes two antigenic molecules: Fraction 1 (F1) capsular antigen, and VW antigen. Both of these molecules are needed for pathogenicity, and are not expressed at temperatures lower than 37Â °C. This requirement is the main reason why Yersinia is not virulent in fleas, since their body temperature normally levels around 25Â °C. Yersinia is a model for studying Type III Secretion Systems (TTSS) that inject bacterial proteins into a host cell. In Y. pestis, it is the translocation of Yersinia outer proteins (Yop’s) that blocks the host cell’s ability to communicate with immune system cells and down-regulates the response of phagocytic host cells to infection.

American Mafia

According to Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, The American Mafia especially Five Families has its origins in Italian Cosa Nostra. The American Cosa Nostra underwent many changes at the hands of Black Hand gangs around 1900s, Five Points Gang during 1910s and 1920s in New York City and Al Capone’s Syndicate in 1920s in Chicago. Two factions of organized crime emerged by the end of 1920s leading to Castellamarese war for gaining control over organized crime in New York City. Murder of Joseph Masseria, leader of one of the factions ended the war uniting the two factions.First leader of the American Mafia Salvatore Maranzano established a code of conduct, â€Å"family† divisions and structure. He also established certain procedures to resolve disputes but was murdered within six months. Charles â€Å"Lucky† Luciano took over the reins and set up a â€Å"Commission† consisting of bosses from six or seven families for managing their activities. According to Bind er, Jim Colosimo or â€Å"Big Jim† was considered the most powerful gangster and led a multi-ethnic group, with Italian, Jewish, Irish, Greek and other members. In May 1920 he was probably shot dead by â€Å"Frankie Yale under contract John Torrio.† John Torrio took over and united major local gangs dividing the liquor business in Chicago city to a stable state and profitability. The other major gangs during this period in Chicago were North Siders led by Dion O’Banion, the Guilfoyle gang, the Gennas in Little Italy, the West Side O’Donnells, the Druggan-Lake gang, the Saltis-McErlane gang and the Sheldon gang. Torrio under the guidance of Capone took over brothels in Cicero and managed the largest area covering the South Side and major suburbs occupying the south and west of the city.Problems started when a gang tried to increase its profits by not following the agreement strictly and entered neighboring gang’s territory. Friction between Gennas a nd the O’Banion gang led to the murder of O’Banion in November 1924 starting off prohibition gang wars. The Sheldon gang, the Gennas, the Druggan and Lake, the Guilfoyle and later the Circus Gang were all allies of Torrio-Capone. Chicago Heights joined Capone in 1926 and controlled Joliet and major areas east of Indiana and south of Chicago. Torrio was succeeded by Al Capone in 1925.Gennas under Hymie Weiss surrendered after their leadership was attacked by North Siders and the Gennas rackets such as Unione Siciliana were taken over by Al Capone appointing Tony Lombardo as Unione president. The West Side O’Donnells joined ranks with Capone in 1926 after a short lived gang war. Similarly Sheldon gang too joined Capone after Danny Stanton left the town. Gang wars continued for several years and North Siders lost Hymie Weiss in October 1926, nothing remarkable was noticed until the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929.Now let us consider organized black gang s during this period run by Italian, Jewish and Irish gangsters operating from Harlem, New York and a few loosely run black gangs concentrated primarily on policy and lottery gambling, prostitution and drugs. Bell stated that over 200,000 blacks returned after World War I to Harlem expecting better pay, better housing and equality. But they realized very soon that whites had not changed and found some of the worst low paying menial jobs such as that of janitors, bootblacks, cooks, houseboys and baggage handlers.They were paid very less compared to a white person doing the same work. The housing situation too was worst; Harlem an overcrowded and segregated community accommodated more than 250,000 citizens in 50 blocks long and 8 blocks wide area with more than 5,000 people staying in one block. The people were compelled to sleep in shifts. Blacks suffered the most with Racism, race riots and labor riots being the order of the day. Things moved from bad to worse with the passage of 18 th Amendment to the constitution banning sale of alcoholic beverages by the Congress on January 20, 1920.Establishments primarily depending on the sale of these products (alcoholic beverages) were compelled to down the shutters across the nation. These developments marked the beginning of the infamous Roaring Twenties – one of the country’s darkest periods when the mob, the crooked politicians and the gangsters ruled. Taking advantage of the fact that consumption of alcohol was a part of American culture and people could not stop drinking due to prohibition, the mob and the crooked entrepreneurs illegally transported the alcoholic beverages from the Canadian border and at times even manufactured beer and liquor.â€Å"The overt exclusion of blacks from the nation's economic, social and political processes only served to foment alternative means toward becoming a part of established idealized factions. † Blacks were suppressed to the maximum possible extent by den ying good jobs, influential political positions, advanced education, nice homes, equal social treatment and benefits. Thus most of the black Americans took to illegal means to compensate for the economic denials.Black crime was independent initially with traditional thievery, gambling, prostitution and robbery, but later two key factors Bolito (the numbers game) and drugs led to evolvement of organized crime. Bets could be placed from any where such as parlors, bars, restaurants, pool halls, barber shops, drugstores and even from their homes, more than 800 runners or bet collectors hurried places to collect and place bets on behalf of customers in 30 policy banks. The policy bankers became the richest and started extending loans and finance to Harlem residents, which the blacks could not expect from whites operated financial institutions.The big time number operators included James Warner, Stephanie St. Clair, Casper Holstein, Wilfred Brandon, Jose Miro, Joseph Ison, Masjoe Ison and Simeon Francis. By 1928 the numbers game became most profitable and the arrests on this count also increased. Profits were reported to the elected representatives through police officials and these corrupt elected politicians had strong links with mob’s syndicate led by white gangsters. â€Å"Corruption ran throughout New York's law enforcement, legal and political systems, including bondsmen, high-ranking police officials, judges, lawyers and politicians.† To protect themselves the night clubs, businesses, bars, pimps, whores, gamblers, bankers and number runners started paying huge kickbacks. Democratic Party boss in Manhattan, James J. Hines had links with mobster and beer baron â€Å"Dutch† Schultz. Schultz and fellow Murder Inc. gangsters â€Å"Lucky† Luciano, Frank Costello, Owney Madden, Bugsy Siegel, Joe Adonis and Meyer Lansky started taking over Harlem’s numbers racket. Short gang wars that erupted due to taking over and syndication led to an estimated 40 murders and 6 kidnappings. By late 1928 a total of 20 policy banks remained out of 40 and most of the bankers retired mysteriously.Dutch Schultz was in total control and called â€Å"King of Harlem Bankers† From the discussion above it is clear that organized crime had flourished in American society basically due to prohibition which was in vogue from 1920 to 1933 and every affluent individual was either directly or indirectly involved in illegal activities such as illicit liquor trafficking, prostitution, maintenance of brothel houses and having ties with mafia bosses. It is now clear that removal of prohibition led to a reduction in one of the evils i. e. , illegal liquor trafficking, but other illegal activities do continue carried out even to this day.References Cosa Nostra. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2006). Retrieved on September 21, 2006 from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cosa_Nostra John Binder. The Chicago Outfit (2003). Arcadia Publishing. Page nos. 27 to 42. Walter A. Bell. Brief History. Court TV. Crime Library. Criminal Minds and Methods. Black gangs of Harlem (2005). Retrieved on September 21, 2006 from: http://www. crimelibrary. com/gangsters_outlaws/gang/harlem_gangs/index. html Walter A. Bell. The Roaring Twenties. Court TV. Crime Library. Criminal Minds and Methods. Black gangs of Harlem (2005).Retrieved on September 21, 2006 from: http://www. crimelibrary. com/gangsters_outlaws/gang/harlem_gangs/2. html Walter A. Bell. The Numbers Game. Court TV. Crime Library. Criminal Minds and Methods. Black gangs of Harlem (2005). Retrieved on September 21, 2006 from: http://www. crimelibrary. com/gangsters_outlaws/gang/harlem_gangs/3. html Walter A. Bell. The Takeovers and Syndication. Court TV. Crime Library. Criminal Minds and Methods. Black gangs of Harlem (2005). Retrieved on September 21, 2006 from: http://www. crimelibrary. com/gangsters_outlaws/gang/harlem_gangs/6. html

Free Essays on A Wench In The Works

In 1963, James Brown declared, â€Å"it’s a man’s world.† Playwright and director David Mamet would suggest that maybe the world is not entirely men’s anymore, but the business world certainly is. Moreover, when women enter the male domain of business, they do not understand the basic rules of this male-dominated area of American existence. As a result, women befoul the ability of business to function correctly. Mamet implies that males and females are opposite sexes and that business is a male endeavor- therefore women are antithetical to business (Greenbaum 33). Women, ignorant of proper business procedure, use their sexuality to trap the man to exert the will of the woman. Once the woman traps the man, the man becomes emasculated- he loses whatever claim he had to continue being seen as a man working in the men’s world of business. In Glengarry Glen Ross, Speed-the-Plow, and Oleanna, Mamet retains a central theme: if men did not have to de al with women, business could operate unhindered. First, though, one must consider Mamet’s beginnings. David Mamet was born on November 30, 1947, in Chicago, Illinois. His parents were Bernard Morris Mamet, an attorney, and Lenora June Silver, a teacher. Through his life, Mamet married twice and divorced once. His first wife, Lindsay Crouse, and his second wife, Rebecca Pidgeon, are both actresses. He has three daughters: Willa, Zosia, and Clara. Mamet graduated from Goddard College, a small liberal school in rural Vermont, with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Nary four years out of school Mamet founded the St. Nicholas Theatre Company in Chicago. During those four years, Mamet was an artist-in-residence in drama at Goddard. In the following years, Mamet became associate artistic director at Chicago’s Goodman Theatre and taught at Yale, New York University, and Columbia. Mamet’s first play, Lakeboat, was produced in 1970. Since that point, Mamet has written and direct... Free Essays on A Wench In The Works Free Essays on A Wench In The Works In 1963, James Brown declared, â€Å"it’s a man’s world.† Playwright and director David Mamet would suggest that maybe the world is not entirely men’s anymore, but the business world certainly is. Moreover, when women enter the male domain of business, they do not understand the basic rules of this male-dominated area of American existence. As a result, women befoul the ability of business to function correctly. Mamet implies that males and females are opposite sexes and that business is a male endeavor- therefore women are antithetical to business (Greenbaum 33). Women, ignorant of proper business procedure, use their sexuality to trap the man to exert the will of the woman. Once the woman traps the man, the man becomes emasculated- he loses whatever claim he had to continue being seen as a man working in the men’s world of business. In Glengarry Glen Ross, Speed-the-Plow, and Oleanna, Mamet retains a central theme: if men did not have to de al with women, business could operate unhindered. First, though, one must consider Mamet’s beginnings. David Mamet was born on November 30, 1947, in Chicago, Illinois. His parents were Bernard Morris Mamet, an attorney, and Lenora June Silver, a teacher. Through his life, Mamet married twice and divorced once. His first wife, Lindsay Crouse, and his second wife, Rebecca Pidgeon, are both actresses. He has three daughters: Willa, Zosia, and Clara. Mamet graduated from Goddard College, a small liberal school in rural Vermont, with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Nary four years out of school Mamet founded the St. Nicholas Theatre Company in Chicago. During those four years, Mamet was an artist-in-residence in drama at Goddard. In the following years, Mamet became associate artistic director at Chicago’s Goodman Theatre and taught at Yale, New York University, and Columbia. Mamet’s first play, Lakeboat, was produced in 1970. Since that point, Mamet has written and direct...

Christmas and New Year Quotes

Christmas and New Year Quotes What do the wise and witty say about Christmas and the New Year? You can use these quotes for inspiration and see who is a kindred spirit. You might want to include one in your holiday greeting cards, social media posts, or family Christmas letter. Reach out to friends or relatives on the other side of the planet and shower them with these caring words. Phillips Brooks Christmas day is a day of joy and charity. May God make you very rich in both. W. J. Cameron There has been only one Christmas- the rest are anniversaries. Sydney Smith Resolve to make at least one person happy every day, and then in ten years you may have made three thousand, six hundred and fifty persons happy, or brightened a small town by your contribution to the fund of general enjoyment. Erma Bombeck Theres nothing sadder in this world than to awake Christmas morning and not be a child. Pat Boone The Christmas spirit love changes hearts and lives. Isabel Currier It is the personal thoughtfulness, the warm human awareness, the reaching out of the self to ones fellow man that makes giving worthy of the Christmas spirit. Patricia Clafford Christmas is a time to expand our giving encompassing the friendless and needy... near and far. Christmas is sharing. Debbie Harry I always work on New Years Eve, no matter what. Charles Lamb No one ever regarded the first of January with indifference. It is that from which all date their time, and count upon what is left. It is the nativity of our common Adam. Edward Payson Powell The old year has gone. Let the dead past bury its own dead. The New Year has taken possession of the clock of time. All hail the duties and possibilities of the coming twelve months! Mark Twain Yesterday, everybody smoked his last cigar, took his last drink and swore his last oath. Today, we are a pious and exemplary community. Thirty days from now, we shall have cast our reformation to the winds and gone to cutting our ancient shortcomings considerably shorter than ever. Buddha There is only one time when it is essential to awaken. That time is now. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin The ills from which we are suffering have their seat in the very foundation of human thought. But today something is happening to the whole structure of human consciousness. A fresh kind of life is starting. Charles Dickens It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair. T. S. Eliot For last years words belong to last years language. And next years words await another voice. And to make an end is to make a beginning. Ralph Waldo Emerson Finish each day and be done with it. You have done what you could; some blunders and absurdities have crept in; forget them as soon as you can. Tomorrow is a new day; you shall begin it serenely and with too high a spirit to be encumbered with your old nonsense. William Thomas It wouldnt be New Years if I didnt have regrets.

Renaissance Madonna and Child Triptych Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Renaissance Madonna and Child Triptych - Essay Example A triptych is a three-piece stand-alone panel that was a common altarpiece in the Baroque period created with some specific common techniques. They varied in size and particular shape, but most had a roughly rectangular base and square or arched tops. The two side panels were almost always smaller than the center panel. They were made like this so that they could be easily folded up and transported with the priest when he went to preach in the country. As we learned in class, during this time in history, it was the church that preserved all of the arts and literature. As a result, they were the ones who usually commissioned the art and allowed the art to be seen. In technical elements, the painting is done with tempera on wood panels, which was a common way of working. Tempera is an egg-yolk-based paint that dries quickly and hardens into a very tough surface that made it ideal for traveling by bumpy wagons. Many of the triptychs on display in museums are made with this medium for th is reason. To get the colors to work just right, Baroque painters would use a green earth pigment called Terre Verde for the under-painting and red sizing behind the gold leaf of the background (class notes). Gold leaf was always used in images of a religious nature because it symbolized the importance and nobility and purity of the figures. If you look closely, these attributes of green under-painting, red sizing and heavy use of gold leaf in the background are evident in this triptych as well as many other similar works. such as Cimabue's Madonna Enthroned and Giotto's Madonna Enthroned that we saw in class. Another common feature of Baroque art is the focus on brushwork. According to my class notes, the brushwork used during this period was very meticulous. Every little line was carefully positioned to create a sense that the image just appeared on the panel. This makes a lot of sense, actually, considering they were working with gold leaf. Gold is very reflective and the smalles t crease would cause reflections in one direction or another. By taking a perfectionist approach to the work, the artist could create the illusion of halos or other features within the gold leaf that would only appear when the light came from just the right angle. This would have added to the magic of the image for the benefit of the less-educated public. The general subject matter of Vanni's triptych is also very similar to the artwork of other Baroque artists working in this time period. In this painting as well as in Cimabue's painting and Giotto's painting, the Madonna is

Evaluate to what extent we are witnessing a decollectivisation of Essay

Evaluate to what extent we are witnessing a decollectivisation of British Employee Relations - Essay Example the exercise of a person’s desires and goals and so he will tend to value self reliance and independence and at that time resist a lot of the interference from outside exerted upon the interests of a person whether by the family, society or other institution or group. Individualization focuses on the individual making him its focus and therefore begins with the basic premise that a human person is holds primary importance in the liberation struggle. It has at times been applied to mean the quality of being an individual. Individualism is therefore associated with bohemian and artistic interests and lifestyles in which there is experimentation and self creation as opposed to popular mass opinions, tradition and behaviors as with humanist ethics and philosophical positions (Brown & Marsden 2010, pp. 2) Human resource management (HRM) involves planning, managing recruitment, implementing, training, career and initiatives of development in an organization. Human Resource Management aims at maximizing an organization’s productivity through the optimization of employee effectiveness while at the same time improving the life of employees at work and treating the employees with dignity as resources that are valuable. Human Resource Management incorporates efforts aimed at the promotion of personal development, the satisfaction of employees and compliance with laws related to employees. As a result it brings gain to both the company and the employee. The employer benefits from better work performance while the employee gets satisfaction at the work place among other things.The Human Resource Management shift is important to the management of a business. When the shift happened in business dynamics companies realized that the knowledge that people have and the people themselves pro vide the single source for competitive advantage that is sustainable (Brown & Marsden 2010, pp. 3). The reason for this is that other resources that are related to technology, materials,